In the Four Noble Truths, suffering is birth, aging, illness, death, union with what is displeasing, separation from what is pleasing, not getting what one wants; in brief, the five aggregates subject to clinging are suffering, and the Buddha also taught that the way to end suffering is to practice the Noble Eightfold Path: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration...

1. the noble truth of suffering 2. the origin of suffering 3. the cessation of suffering 4. the way leading to the cessation of suffering...